Part 1 : cytology, general histology, histological technique

1. Biological membrane, structure and function
2. The nucleus and nucleolus, structure and function
3. The membranous cell organelles (cell compartments), structure and function
4. The non-membranous cell organelles, structure and function
5. Cytoskeleton – thin and intermediate filaments, microtubules,

6. Intercellular junctions
7. Cell inclusions, classification and function
8. The cell cycle and its regulation
9. Cell division – mitosis and meiosis
10. Endocytosis and exocytosis, their morphological manifestations,

11. Specialization of the cell surface, microvilli, stereocilia, cilia, the basal labyrinth
12. Epithelial tissue (general characterization, classification, polarity, function)
13. Secretory epithelium, production and releasing of the secrete, types

14. Absorbtive epithelium
15. Sensory epithelium
16. Connective tissue – general structure and classification
17. Extracellular matrix – ground substance and fibrilar component
18. Connective tissue proper – characteristics and classification
19. Connective tissue cells and their function
20. Cartilage – characteristics and classification, description of the types
21. Basic structure of the bone tissue, fibrilar(woven) and lamellar bone
22. Dentin and cement, microscopical structure
23. Intramembranous and enchondral ossification
24. Microscopical structure of the bone marrow
25. Composition of the peripheral blood
26. Peripheral blood elements (description and general features)
27. Erythrocytes (structure and function)
28. Leukocytes, classification, structure and function of the individual types, leukogram
29. Agranulocytes – mononuclears, structure and function
30. Granulocytes – polymorphonuclears, structure and function
31. Platelets – differentiation, structure and function
32. Preparation, staining and evaluation of the blood smear
33. Hematopoiesis, periods of hematopoiesis, stem and progenitor cells,

34. Development of erythrocytes
35. Development of leukocytes
36. Muscle tissue and its classification
37. Smooth muscle tissue
38. Cross striated muscle tissue, general characteristics, structure and function
39. Structure of the skeletal muscle
40. Ultrastructure of the myofibril , contractil mechanism
41. Structure of the myocardium, structure and function of the heart impulse –

42. General structure of the nervous tissue
43. Nerve cell – structure, types of neurons
44. Synapses – structure and function, types of synapses
45. Types of nerve fibers and their sheaths
46. Neuroglia – common features, classification, description of the types and their function
47. Uptake of the material for histological evaluation (general principles and methodics,

48. Processing(elaboration) of the material for histological evaluation (fixation,freezing

49. Histochemistry – principles and methods – structural (demonstration of DNA ,

50. Immunohistochemistry – principles and methods, labeling of antibodies, fluorescent

51. Basic and special staining methods in the histological technique and their results

1. General structure of blood vessels, classification and function
2. Capillaries , structure, classification and function
3. Heart, structure of the wall, impulse – conducting system
4. Lymphoid organs and defence of the organism
5. Thymus, structure and function, defence of the organism
6. Lymph node, structure and function
7. Spleen, structure and function
8. Tonsils, structure and function
9. Diencephalo – hypophyseal system, neurohumoral regulation
10. Pituitary gland (Hypophysis), structure and function
11. Thyroid gland, structure and function
12. Parathyroid gland, structure and function
13. Suprarenal gland , structure and function
14. Islets of Langerhans, structure and function
15. Salivary glands, classification, structure and function
16. Parotid, submandibular and sublingual gland
17. Tongue (lingual papillae, glands, tonsil)
18. Oesophagus, general structure of the wall of the alimentary tube
19. Stomach (structural specialization of the tunica mucosa)
20. Small and large intestine
21. Liver (morphological and functional units, blood circulation)
22. Gall bladder and biliary ducts
23. Mucous layer of the respiratory ways
24. Larynx, trachea and bronchi – structure and function
25. Lung, structure and function (respiratory portion and air-blood barrier)
26. Nephron, cytology, cytochemistry and ultrastructure
27. Excretory urinary passages
28. Testis, spermatogenesis
29. Spermatozoon, structure, spermatohistogenesis
30. Male excretory genital ducts and glands
31. Ovary, oogenesis
32. Corpus luteum, structure and function
33. Oviduct, vagina, exfoliative cytology
34. Uterus, menstrual cycle
35. Endometrium, structure and function, endometrial biopsy
36. Skin, structure and function
37. Glands of the skin, hair and nail
38. Mammary gland, structure and function
39. General structure of CNS and PNS (hematoencephalic barrier)
40. Brain cortex, cyto – and myeloarchitectonics
41. Cerebellum
42. Spinal cord
43. Central and peripheral nerve endings
44. Nerve ganglia and paraganglia
45. Peripheral and optic nerve
46. Eye , general structure
47. Retina, structure and function
48. Ciliary body, iris, lens, structure and function
49. Olfactory mucosa and taste buds
50. Inner ear, structure and function

1. Fertilization and early development of the human embryo
2. Types of eggs and their cleavage.
3. Development of the blastocyst and its implantation
4. Development of the amniotic and yolk sac, chorion
5. Embryonic disc and its differentiation
6. Formation of the germ layers
7. Notogenesis
8. Development of the coelom and its partitioning
9. Primitive cardiovascular system
10. Fetal blood circulation
11. Development of the heart
12. Development of the umbilical cord and placenta and their developmental anomalies
13. Placenta, structure and function, definitive fetal membranes
14. Aortic arches and their derivates
15. Development of the primitive gut and its partitioning
16. Stomodeum, development of the tongue and teeth
17. Development of the primitive pharynx, pharyngeal pouches and arches
18. Foregut, development of the stomach and of the duodenum
19. Development of the midgut,umbilical loop, fixation of the intestine, mesenterium
20. The cloaca, its development and differentiation
21. Hindgut, development of the large intestine
22. Development of the liver, pancreas and spleen
23. Development of the larynx, trachea, lungs and pleural cavity
24. Pronephros and mesonephros
25. Metanephros and the excretory urinary passages
26. Wolffian and Müllerian ducts and their development in both sexes
27. Development of the gonads
28. Mesonephros and its relationship to the development of the gonads
29. Neuroectoderm and its further differentiation
30. Neural tube and its histogenesis
31. Development and differentiation of the brain vesicles
32. Neural crest, its development and differentiation
33. Development of the spinal cord
34. Development of the eye
35. Development of the ear
36. Development of the endocrine glands
37. Growth of the embryo and fetus, signs of the full – term baby
38. Situs, positio and habitus of the fetus in the uterus, signs of the full – term baby
39. Multiple pregnancies. Twins and their fetal membranes
40. Development of the neck region
41. Partitioning of the primitive heart, development of the septs and valves
42. Development of the diaphragm and partitioning of the coelomic cavity
43. Development of the oviduct, uterus and vagina
44. Development of the axial skeleton
45. Notochordal process, development of the notochord and intraembryonic mesoderm
46. Anomalies of the implantation, ectopic (extrauterine) pregnancy
47. Branchial arches and their further differentiation
48. Somites and their relationship to the development of skeletal muscles
49. Development of the extremities (limbs)
50. Development of the facial region