1. Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species: Origin in the body, physiological functions in metabolism, damaging reactions with cell components (oxidative stress).
2. Antioxidant defence.
3. Significance of free radicals in pathogenesis of human diseases.
4. Role of transition metals (iron, copper) in pathobiochemistry of the reactive oxygen species.
5. Non-enzymic glycation of proteins, carbonyl stress, AGEs.
6. Pathobiochemical basis of ageing.
7. What are possible causes and consequences of hyperglycemia?
8. Pathobiochemical changes in acute and chronic renal failure.
9. What biochemical markers of bone remodelation do you know?
10. Pathobiochemistry of metabolism of calcium and bone tissue.
11. Under what conditions concentrations of various types of immunoglobulin rise in plasma?
12. Biochemistry of inflammatory reaction (biochemistry of phagocytes).
13. Explain activation and function of the complement.
14. What are differences among the immunoglobulin types?
15. Interleukins: Where are they produced and how they act?
16. Explain the mechanism of origin, manifestation and consequences of proteinuria and nephrotic syndrome.
17. Origin of serum enzymes, multiple enzyme forms (isoenzymes).
18. What abnormal hemoglobins do you know? How do they originate?
19. Pathobiochemistry of hypercoagulation and bleeding conditions, DIC.
20. Enzymopathies - classification, mechanisms of origin and phenotypic manifestations.
21. Excitotoxicity in pathogenesis of neurological diseases.
22. Possibilities of detection, prevention and treatment of metabolic disorders.
23. What enzymopathies related to disorders of carbohydrate metabolism do you know?
24. What common disorders of amino acid metabolism do you know?
25. Mitochondriopathies (e.g. MELAS) and peroxisomal disorders.
26. Lysosomal storage disorders.
27. Explain the commonest disorders of purine and pyrimidine metabolism.
28. Explain the mechanism of origin of primary and secondary hyperuricemias.
29. Blood lipoproteins: What causes and consequences of their disorders do you know?
30. Atherosclerosis: What do you know about mechanism of development? What is the role of modified LDL, HDL and the immune system?
31. Disorders of cell cycle regulation.
32. Disorders of cell signalling.
33. What are ‚oncofetal antigens‘ and how can they be used in medicine?
34. Name some substances used for monitoring of patients with malign tumours.
35. Molecular mechanisms of apoptosis (apoptogenic signalling, effector molecules, target substrates) and their regulation.
36. Explain pathobiochemical changes in various types of icterus.
37. Pathobiochemistry of porphyrias.
38. What alterations of blood plasma protein electrophoreogram do you know?
39. Explain the metabolic changes induced by ethanol.
40. How xenobiotics damage the liver? Pathobiochemical explanation of liver fibrosis.
41. What is significance of cytochrome P450 in chemical carcinogenesis?
42. Using examples explain the mechanisms how poisons interact with biochemical processes in the cell and the body.
43. Pathobiochemistry of selected neurodegenerative diseases (Parkinson disease, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer disease, Wilson disease, myasthenia gravis).
44. Pathological findings in the cerebrospinal fluid.
45. Pathogenesis of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. What are prions?
46. Nutrition, pathobiochemical aspects of malnutrition, basic deficiency types.
47. Pathobiochemistry of obesity.
48. Metabolic acidosis; mineralogram alterations in metabolic acidosis.
49. Respiratory and metabolic alkalosis, metabolic consequences.
50. Combined disorders of acid-base balance and their diagnostics.
51. Pathobiochemistry of diabetes mellitus and its long-term complications.
52. Differences between Type I and Type II diabetes mellitus, LADA.
53. Potential usage of genomics, transcriptomics and proteomics in medicine.
54. Essentials of parenteral nutrition.
55. Molecular basis of tumour development.
56. Acute-phase reactant proteins.
57. Biochemical changes in the cell during ischemia.

N.B. Although not explicitly stated, basic knowledge of the relevant chapters from normal (physiological) biochemistry will also be expected and required at the exam.